ABSTRACT
An outbreak of acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children was reported in Scotland1 in April 2022 and has now been identified in 35 countries2. Several recent studies have suggested an association with human adenovirus with this outbreak, a virus not commonly associated with hepatitis. Here we report a detailed case-control investigation and find an association between adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) infection and host genetics in disease susceptibility. Using next-generation sequencing, PCR with reverse transcription, serology and in situ hybridization, we detected recent infection with AAV2 in plasma and liver samples in 26 out of 32 (81%) cases of hepatitis compared with 5 out of 74 (7%) of samples from unaffected individuals. Furthermore, AAV2 was detected within ballooned hepatocytes alongside a prominent T cell infiltrate in liver biopsy samples. In keeping with a CD4+ T-cell-mediated immune pathology, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II HLA-DRB1*04:01 allele was identified in 25 out of 27 cases (93%) compared with a background frequency of 10 out of 64 (16%; P = 5.49 × 10-12). In summary, we report an outbreak of acute paediatric hepatitis associated with AAV2 infection (most likely acquired as a co-infection with human adenovirus that is usually required as a 'helper virus' to support AAV2 replication) and disease susceptibility related to HLA class II status.
Subject(s)
Adenovirus Infections, Human , Dependovirus , Hepatitis , Child , Humans , Acute Disease/epidemiology , Adenovirus Infections, Human/epidemiology , Adenovirus Infections, Human/genetics , Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology , Alleles , Case-Control Studies , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Coinfection/epidemiology , Coinfection/virology , Dependovirus/isolation & purification , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Helper Viruses/isolation & purification , Hepatitis/epidemiology , Hepatitis/genetics , Hepatitis/virology , Hepatocytes/virology , HLA-DRB1 Chains/genetics , HLA-DRB1 Chains/immunology , Liver/virologyABSTRACT
As of August 2022, clusters of acute severe hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children have been reported from 35 countries, including the USA1,2. Previous studies have found human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in the blood from patients in Europe and the USA3-7, although it is unclear whether this virus is causative. Here we used PCR testing, viral enrichment-based sequencing and agnostic metagenomic sequencing to analyse samples from 16 HAdV-positive cases from 1 October 2021 to 22 May 2022, in parallel with 113 controls. In blood from 14 cases, adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) sequences were detected in 93% (13 of 14), compared to 4 (3.5%) of 113 controls (P < 0.001) and to 0 of 30 patients with hepatitis of defined aetiology (P < 0.001). In controls, HAdV type 41 was detected in blood from 9 (39.1%) of the 23 patients with acute gastroenteritis (without hepatitis), including 8 of 9 patients with positive stool HAdV testing, but co-infection with AAV2 was observed in only 3 (13.0%) of these 23 patients versus 93% of cases (P < 0.001). Co-infections by Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6 and/or enterovirus A71 were also detected in 12 (85.7%) of 14 cases, with higher herpesvirus detection in cases versus controls (P < 0.001). Our findings suggest that the severity of the disease is related to co-infections involving AAV2 and one or more helper viruses.
Subject(s)
Adenovirus Infections, Human , Coinfection , Dependovirus , Hepatitis , Child , Humans , Acute Disease , Adenovirus Infections, Human/epidemiology , Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology , Coinfection/epidemiology , Coinfection/virology , Dependovirus/genetics , Dependovirus/isolation & purification , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/epidemiology , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology , Hepatitis/epidemiology , Hepatitis/virology , Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification , Herpesvirus 6, Human/isolation & purification , Enterovirus A, Human/isolation & purification , Helper Viruses/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Two viruses plus a child's genetic background may explain a recent surge in the United Kingdom.